Daniel P. Cahill, Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. el Jundi, B. et al. A snapshot-based mechanism for celestial orientation. Curr. Biol. 26, 1456–1462 (2016). After studying the butterflies’ brains under a powerful microscope, researchers found that structures in the brain crucial to visual processes such as color vision and shape and motion detection are between 13 and 27% larger in the brains of the species that lives deep in the forest than in the brains of the species that lives at the forests’ edges. Another brain structure that helps process sky light and polarized light is 23% larger in the deep forest species than in the forest edges species. Previous research has also shown that the deep forest species responds to lower intensities of light, and it makes sense that species of butterflies living in darker forests would need to be more sensitive to light to see and function in dimmer conditio Beetz, M. J. & el Jundi, B. The influence of stimulus history on directional coding in the monarch butterfly brain. J. Comp. Physiol. A 209, 663–677 (2023).

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Reppert, S. M., Guerra, P. A. & Merlin, C. Neurobiology of monarch butterfly migration. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 61, 25–42 (2016).Grounded on academic literature and research, validated by experts, and trusted by more than 4 million users.

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Sun, X. L., Yue, S. G. & Mangan, M. How the insect central complex could coordinate multimodal navigation. Elife 10, e7307 (2021). Due to the highly conserved nature of the central complex 1, 36, 37, 69, our results give deep insights into the general coding of goal-directed orientation in insects. Our recordings were obtained from non-migratory monarch butterflies that are closely related to the population of migratory monarch butterflies but lost their ability to migrate 70, 71. Thus, in contrast to the single (southward) goal-direction set by the population of migratory monarch butterflies, the non-migratory butterflies maintain any possible goal direction with respect to a virtual sun (menotactic orientation) 48, 53. Because non-migratory monarch butterflies demonstrate individual-specific goal directions 48, 53, we reasoned that their goal directions can be experimentally controlled, which is ideal to investigate the neural coding of goal directions. However, as non-migratory captive-reared monarch butterflies differ behaviorally 70, 71, morphologically 72, 73, 74, and physiologically 73 from migratory monarch butterflies 28, 70, 75, 76, 77, 78, ideas on how the migration behavior is encoded in the monarch butterfly brain should be read with cautious, here. Li YM, Suki D, Hess K, Sawaya R. Li YM, et al. J Neurosurg. 2016 Apr;124(4):977-88. doi: 10.3171/2015.5.JNS142087. Epub 2015 Oct 23. J Neurosurg. 2016. PMID: 26495941 Wystrach, A., Le Moël, F., Clement, L. & Schwarz, S. A lateralised design for the interaction of visual memories and heading representations in navigating ants. Preprint at https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.13.249193v1 (2020).In our patient population, the median tumor volume for the biopsy group was larger than for the surgically decompressed group, despite that the two patients with the largest tumor volumes were both decompressed. The difference in median volume is not statistically significant. However, there is a wide range of volumes for both groups; 35.0–123.2 cm 3 in the biopsy group and 0.8–178.1 cm 3 in the decompressed group. Tumor volume was less of a determinant whether a patient underwent a decompressive procedure, rather the degree of mass effect or effect on functional status and subsequent ability to tolerate and gain benefit from surgery were the main factors. Reppert, S. M. & de Roode, J. C. Demystifying monarch butterfly migration. Curr. Biol. 28, R1009–R1022 (2018).