Formerly the early medieval capital of East Anglia, Dunwich is now a small village that over the past eight centuries has been suffering from coastal erosion. Today it is no larger than a few streets, a pub, and a few houses. And, famously, the Flora Tea Rooms, an excellent fish-and-chip shop.

Walker PL. A Bioarchaeological Perspective on the History of Violence. Annual Review of Anthropology. 2001;30: 573–596. Ken Greenwood, 85, another great-nephew, said: “His name was never mentioned and there are no photographs or written records in the family of which I am aware, and I had never heard of him until recently.”Southwark’s whole project is horrific,” said John Repsch, a local resident. “My grandmother is buried in a common grave in Camberwell New Cemetery. Southwark councillors are acting like grave robbers. This is theft – of my grandmother’s grave, of our family history, of the respect and dignity I want my grandmother to have in death.” Southwark councillors said the wishes of all families would be fully respected and accuse the protesters of “scaremongering”. Several names for different types of grave were used in the nineteenth century, some of which overlapped or were interchangeable. COMMON GRAVE The peace proved to be temporary, however, for when Llywelyn's younger brother Dafydd reached adulthood Henry gave him part of Gwynedd. Llywelyn objected, but Owain formed an alliance with Owain against him. Llywelyn defeated his uncle and brother at the Battle of Bryn Derwin in 1255 to become sole ruler of Gwynedd Uwch Conwy (Gwynedd west of the Conwy). Marquer P. Endogamie, exogamie et variations de la stature et de l’indice céphalique dans la population béarnaise (Pyrénées-Atlantiques). Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris. 1979;6: 333–342. Owings Webb PA, Myers Suchey J. Epiphyseal union of the anterior iliac cret and medial clavicule in a modern multiracial sample of american males and females. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1985;68: 457–466. pmid:4083337

Archival sources are patchy on this wartime episode and the studies begun on the state of the forces involved focus more on the 1487–88 campaign and the battle of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier than on the siege of Rennes. In the 15th century, the Breton army was reorganized by the Dukes. Under Francis II, it initially included a very small number of ducal guards and “Compagnie d’ordonnance” composed of several types of combatants. The whole is based on a heavy cavalry, accompanied by archers, coutiliers and others, forming a small paid army which will develop over the years. In addition, various troops from the feudal service with mismatched combat skills joined the professional army. In 1480, the Duke reformed the Franc-archers (Free Archers), a militia which had been created in 1425 in the Breton parishes. This reorganization aims at improving their fighting skills. Finally, the list of the Breton combatants also includes the mercenaries, who were sent by allies (e.g., Maximilian, Henry the VII, Ferdinand of Aragon) and recruited by the Breton army. The theoretical number of soldiers would be 11,300, but historiographer A. Bouchart suggests there were more than 18,000 men [ 46]. In any case, the army was decimated in Saint-Aubin (6,000 deaths on the Breton camp). Consequently, the troop around the duchess Anne during the siege of Rennes was very small. The Breton army was supported by the Rennes militia and by a corps of German mercenaries (Landsknecht) sent by Maximilian [ 48]. English and Spanish mercenaries might also have been sent by Henry the VII and Ferdinand of Aragon [ 49, 50]. The defense also likely included trained artillery, a crucial resource for the defense of the city. Bataille CP, Holstein ICC von, Laffoon JE, Willmes M, Liu X-M, Davies GR. A bioavailable strontium isoscape for Western Europe: A machine learning approach. PLOS ONE. 2018;13: e0197386. pmid:29847595 Haak W, Brandt G, Jong HN de, Meyer C, Ganslmeier R, Heyd V, et al. Ancient DNA, Strontium isotopes, and osteological analyses shed light on social and kinship organization of the Later Stone Age. PNAS. 2008;105: 18226–18231. pmid:19015520 Dupras TL, Schwarcz HP. Strangers in a Strange Land: Stable Isotope Evidence for Human Migration in the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. Journal of Archaeological Science. 2001;28: 1199–1208.Lightfoot E, O’Connell TC. On the Use of Biomineral Oxygen Isotope Data to Identify Human Migrants in the Archaeological Record: Intra-Sample Variation, Statistical Methods and Geographical Considerations. PLoS ONE. 2016;11: e0153850. pmid:27124001

Offering much more than their name suggests, the Flora Tea Rooms can be found right by the beach in Dunwich. Specialising in seafood and with a delectable list of daily specials such as pan fried John Dory, charcoal bamboo prawns and salt and pepper squid, as well as staples like a hearty English breakfast. Buzon MR, Simonetti A, Creaser RA. Migration in the Nile Valley during the New Kingdom period: a preliminary strontium isotope study. Journal of Archaeological Science. 2007;34: 1391–1401. Fig 2. Distribution of burials according to their location (points) and density (heatmap) in the Jacobin convent from the late 14th to the 16th century; photos of archaeological excavation of the mass Gr. 322 and 337. Villotte S. Enthésopathies et activités des hommes préhistoriques: recherche méthodologique et application aux fossiles européens du Paléolithique supérieur et du Mésolithique. Oxford: BAR International Series; 2009. Available: https://books.google.fr/books/about/Enth%C3%A9sopathies_et_activit%C3%A9s_des_hommes.html?hl=fr&id=D7USQgAACAAJ.

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Edward declared Llywelyn a rebel and gathered an army to invade Wales. Many Welsh lords supported the invasion. Edward captured Anglesey and eastern Gwynedd, forcing Llywelyn to agree to the Treaty of Aberconwy. There was a temporary truce, and Edward even agreed to Llywelyn's marriage with Eleanor de Montfort, daughter of his great enemy Simon de Montfort. On Tuesday morning, shortly before dawn, he watched as her mortal remains were finally lifted out of the mass grave in Brookwood Cemetery.