China". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000). Boston and New York: Houghton-Mifflin.

Jennifer Duggan (25 April 2014). "China's polluters to face large fines under law change". The Guardian . Retrieved 2014-04-27. Ma, Xiaoying; Ortalano, Leonard (2000). Environmental Regulation in China. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p.1. ISBN 978-0-8476-9399-3. On 1 October 1949, CCP Chairman Mao Zedong formally proclaimed the People's Republic of China in Tiananmen Square, Beijing. [106] In 1950, the People's Liberation Army captured Hainan from the ROC [107] and annexed Tibet. [108] However, remaining Kuomintang forces continued to wage an insurgency in western China throughout the 1950s. [109] Wang, Orange; Leng, Sidney (28 September 2018). "Chinese President Xi Jinping's show of support for state-owned firms 'no surprise', analysts say". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 2020-01-31.Nature Reserves". China Internet Information Center. Archived from the original on 2010-11-15 . Retrieved 2013-12-02. In the mid-19th century, the Opium Wars with Britain and France forced China to pay compensation, open treaty ports, allow extraterritoriality for foreign nationals, and cede Hong Kong to the British [82] under the 1842 Treaty of Nanking, the first of what have been termed as the " unequal treaties". The First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) resulted in Qing China's loss of influence in the Korean Peninsula, as well as the cession of Taiwan to Japan. [83] China is home to at least 551 species of mammals (the third-highest in the world), [160] 1,221 species of birds (eighth), [161] 424 species of reptiles (seventh) [162] and 333 species of amphibians (seventh). [163] Wildlife in China shares habitat with, and bears acute pressure from, the world's largest population of humans. At least 840 animal species are threatened, vulnerable or in danger of local extinction, due mainly to human activity such as habitat destruction, pollution and poaching for food, fur and traditional Chinese medicine. [164] Endangered wildlife is protected by law, and as of 2005 [update], the country has over 2,349 nature reserves, covering a total area of 149.95 million hectares, 15 percent of China's total land area. [165] [ bettersourceneeded] Most wild animals have been eliminated from the core agricultural regions of east and central China, but they have fared better in the mountainous south and west. [166] [167] The Baiji was confirmed extinct on 12 December 2006. [168] Main article: Wildlife of China A giant panda, China's most famous endangered and endemic species, at the Chengdu Panda Base in Sichuan Wei, Yuwa (2014). "China and ITS Neighbors". Willamette Journal of International Law and Dispute Resolution. Willamette University College of Law. 22 (1): 105–136. JSTOR 26210500.

China doesn’t recognise dual nationality. If you have both British and Chinese nationality you may be treated as a Chinese citizen by local authorities, even if you enter China on your British passport. If this is the case, the British Embassy may not be able to offer you consular assistance. The FCDO has published guidance on nationality in China. If you’ve formally renounced Chinese citizenship, you should carry evidence that you have done so. See Local laws and customs. The country has significant water pollution problems; only 84.8% of China's national surface water was graded suitable for human consumption by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment in 2021. [182] In 2020, a sweeping law was passed by the Chinese government to protect the ecology of the Yangtze River. The new laws include strengthening ecological protection rules for hydropower projects, banning chemical plants within 1 kilometer of the river, relocating polluting industries, severely restricting sand mining as well as a complete fishing ban on all the natural waterways of the river, including all its major tributaries and lakes. [183] The Qing dynasty, which lasted from 1644 until 1912, was the last imperial dynasty of China. The Ming-Qing transition (1618–1683) cost 25 million lives, but the Qing appeared to have restored China's imperial power and inaugurated another flowering of the arts. [76] After the Southern Ming ended, the further conquest of the Dzungar Khanate added Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang to the empire. [77] Meanwhile, China's population growth resumed and shortly began to accelerate. It is commonly agreed that pre-modern China's population experienced two growth spurts, one during the Northern Song period (960-1127), and other during the Qing period (around 1700–1830). [78] By the High Qing era China was possibly the most commercialized country in the world, and imperial China experienced a second commercial revolution by the end of the 18th century. [79] On the other hand, the centralized autocracy was strengthened in part to suppress anti-Qing sentiment with the policy of valuing agriculture and restraining commerce, like the Haijin during the early Qing period and ideological control as represented by the literary inquisition, causing some social and technological stagnation. [80] [81] Judgement: International Military Tribunal for the Far East". Chapter VIII: Conventional War Crimes (Atrocities). November 1948. Retrieved 4 February 2013. Chinese architecture is characterized by bilateral symmetry, use of enclosed open spaces, feng shui (e.g. directional hierarchies), [582] a horizontal emphasis, and an allusion to various cosmological, mythological or in general symbolic elements. Chinese architecture traditionally classifies structures according to type, ranging from pagodas to palaces. [583] [579]

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Marquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). Mao and markets the communist roots of Chinese enterprise. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-26883-6. China has urbanized significantly in recent decades. The percent of the country's population living in urban areas increased from 20% in 1980 to over 64% in 2021. [475] [476] [477] It is estimated that China's urban population will reach one billion by 2030, potentially equivalent to one-eighth of the world population. [476] Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors. Thames & Hudson. p.136. ISBN 0-500-05090-2.

China is one of 17 megadiverse countries, [156] lying in two of the world's major biogeographic realms: the Palearctic and the Indomalayan. By one measure, China has over 34,687 species of animals and vascular plants, making it the third-most biodiverse country in the world, after Brazil and Colombia. [157] The country is a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity; [158] its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan was received by the convention in 2010. [159] On 13 November, China’s National Health Commission held a press conference about the increase in respiratory disease cases. The health authority said that these cases were linked to pathogens such as influenza and mycoplasma pneumoniae, a common bacterial infection that typically affects younger children. Alexander Baturo; Robert Elgie (2019). The Politics of Presidential Term Limits. Oxford University Press. p.263. ISBN 978-0-19-883740-4.

Since ancient times, Chinese culture has been heavily influenced by Confucianism. Chinese culture, in turn, has heavily influenced East Asia and Southeast Asia. [553] For much of the country's dynastic era, opportunities for social advancement could be provided by high performance in the prestigious imperial examinations, which have their origins in the Han dynasty. [554] The literary emphasis of the exams affected the general perception of cultural refinement in China, such as the belief that calligraphy, poetry and painting were higher forms of art than dancing or drama. Chinese culture has long emphasized a sense of deep history and a largely inward-looking national perspective. [555] Examinations and a culture of merit remain greatly valued in China today. [556] Fenghuang County, an ancient town that harbors many architectural remains of Ming and Qing styles [557]