T H E A N C I E N T W O R L D 3 0 0 0 b c e – 5 0 0 c e 200 bce–9 ce The Romans 3 THE FIRST ALPHABETS 1500–1050bce 4 WESTERN ALPHABETS 1050bce–250ce take their alphabet with them as they conquer The earliest alphabet – a system of symbols denoting The peoples who traded with the Phoenicians, such western Europe all language sounds, both consonants and vowels – as the Greeks and Etruscans, adapted the Phoenician DENMARK can be traced to c. 1500 bce, as what is known as alphabet for their own languages. The Roman alphabet, Proto-Canaanite or Proto-Sinaitic. Some experts now used all over the world, derives from the script suspect it developed from a subset of Egyptian of the Etruscans. Exactly how the alphabet reached hieroglyphs. The people who used it passed the idea northern Europe, where it might have triggered the on to the Phoenicians, who had developed it into their development of runic alphabets, remains unknown. own alphabet by 1050 bce. Being maritime traders, they took their alphabet around the Mediterranean. Spread of alphabets Phoenician- Runic alphabets influenced alphabet Proto-Canaanite and Phoenician alphabets BRITAIN 200–300 ce Runes – alphabetic 1600 bce The earliest known ASIA scripts made up of straight writing in Greek is in the “Linear B” GAUL lines – develop in northern script of the Myceneans Massalia Germany and Scandinavia 1050 bce The Phoenician alphabet Gades EUROPE contains 22 symbols denoting only 700 bce The Etruscans of consonants – these three are northern Italy, borrowing equivalent to the Roman 250 bce Brahmi script from the Phoenicians and “B”, “H”, and “S” (possibly influenced by Greeks, develop their Rome GREECE Hattushash syllabic or alphabetic own alphabetic script scripts from the West) ITALY Troy Tell Brak 3400 bce Pictographs Sahara Mycenae in Sumer (southern is used in India LUWIA M Mesopotamia) represent Syracuse esop the earliest known writing M editerrane Crete Ugarit o t a a n Sea mia Arabia Susa Harappa Valley Uruk 1750 bce The Minoans of Crete Memphis Persepolis I ndus write in their own version of EGYPT Mohenjo-Daro hieroglyphs, but also use an Ganges as-yet-undeciphered script Pataliputra called Linear A 1700–1500 bce Proto-Canaanite, the earliest known alphabet, is thought to have 2 EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHS 3200bce–400ce 2050 bce By the Nile travelled from the Nile 200 ce Arabic script INDIA Middle Kingdom of Delta or Sinai Peninsula develops in the early The Egyptians developed their hieroglyphs towards Egypt, some hieroglyphs to the Levant centuries ce, and may have the end of the 4th millennium bce. Hieroglyphs are have come to denote SABA’ evolved from the script of pictorial symbols representing ideas, syllables, or sounds, such as “m” the Nabateans, who built sounds. People used them mainly for carved temple (owl), “b” (lower leg), the city of Petra in what inscriptions. Hieroglyphs fell out of use after the and “aa” (forearm) is now Jordan temples to the Egyptian gods closed in the 4th century ce, but this was not before the idea of hieroglyphic A F R I C AETHIOPIA 2600–1800 bce The origin and writing seems to have passed to Crete and Anatolia. 900 bce subsequent disppearance of the Indus Alphabetic writing Valley script are both mysteries, and its Egyptian hieroglyphs Spread of hieroglyphs spreads south to intricate symbols are not yet understood become the ancient South Arabian script, centuries before Arabic took over 600 bce–100 ce 1 PICTOGRAPHS TO CUNEIFORM 3400bce–100ce Ancient Ethiopic (Ge’ez) evolves as Writing was first devised in Sumer. Sumerian an offshoot of scribes first used pictographs (picture-like South Arabian symbols), but simplified these into wedge- ▷ Never to be forgotten shaped marks. These marks give the Hieroglyphs were painstaking to technique its name, which comes from the write and were not used for Latin cuneus – a wedge. From Sumerian everyday purposes. They were cities such as Uruk, cuneiform spread used for inscriptions intended to across Mesopotamia, and peoples from last forever – and these, on the the Hittites in Turkey to the Persians in tomb of Nefertari, queen of Iran used it to write their languages. pharaoh Rameses II, appear new after more than 3,250 years. Cuneiform tablet Sumerian cuneiform Spread of cuneiform This stunning visual reference book starts with the evolution and migration of our oldest ancestors out of Africa. You can then look up maps about the Greece and Persian War, the Mongol Conquests, Medieval Europe's trade routes, and the rise of the Ottomans. There are maps about the colonization of North America, the scientific revolution, Napoleon's advances, and Britain's control of India. There's more in later centuries, like the Age of Imperialism, the American Civil War, industrialized Europe, and the transformation of Japan.

Manhattan was Fairchild’s second first aerial survey. His first, a map of Newark, New Jersey, failed to gain notice. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division Environment Digimap includes land cover data for 1997, 2000 and 2007 from the Centre of Ecology and Hydrology. Please note: By accepting the licence you are agreeing to the terms and conditions listed in the End User Licence Agreement (EULA).This was becoming the cardinal rule of maps: “No map entirely tells the truth,” notes Mark Monmonier, author of How to Lie With Maps. “There’s always some distortion, some point of view.”

Ptolemy gathered documents detailing the locations of towns, and he augmented that information with the tales of travelers. By the time he was done, he had devised a system of lines of latitude and longitude, and plotted some 10,000 locations—from Britain to Europe, Asia and North Africa. Ptolemy even invented ways to flatten the planet (like most Greeks and Romans, he knew the Earth was round) onto a two-dimensional map. What did he call his new technique? “Geography.” Ancient sailors navigated the seas by keeping in sight of land and observing the sun and stars. If clouds rolled in, they pulled in their sails and waited for better visibility. PREHISTORY BEFORE WRITTEN RECORDS BEGAN IN AROUND 3000 BCE, THE STORY OF HUMANS WAS RECORDED FOR MILLIONS OF YEARS BY THE FOSSILS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRACES OUR ANCESTORS LEFT BEHIND. Equates socialism with the USSR. p. 234. (In fact, socialism is public schools, and all other government-provided public services. The USSR was autocracy.) Maps don't just show us where to go, but also where we've been. If you're interested in finding out more about the biggest events in world history, then this book all about history of the world is perfect for you!Maps don't just show us where to go, but also where we've been. A stunning overview of all human history, side by side with 140 custom maps. A magnificent and beautifully illustrated book in the best of DK (or Dorling Kindersley) tradition. From the detailed credits, It can be assumed that much of the first rate artwork was undertaken in India where the publisher obviously maintains a large and very talented staff. That artwork is simply brilliant.