Yang, Min; Wong, Stephen C. P.; Coid, Jeremy (2010). "The efficacy of violence prediction: A meta-analytic comparison of nine risk assessment tools". Psychological Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. 136 (5): 740–67. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.404.4396. doi: 10.1037/a0020473. PMID 20804235. Otto Kernberg, from a particular psychoanalytic perspective, believed psychopathy should be considered as part of a spectrum of pathological narcissism, that would range from narcissistic personality on the low end, malignant narcissism in the middle, and psychopathy at the high end. [53] Walters, Glenn D. (2006). "Hitler the Psychopath". Lifestyle Theory: Past, Present, and Future. Nova Publishers. pp.42–3. ISBN 978-1-60021-033-4. Archived from the original on 2017-03-23 . Retrieved 2016-02-03– via Google Books. a b c Kiehl, Kent A.; Hoffman, Morris B. (1 January 2011). "The Criminal Psychopath: History, Neuroscience, Treatment, and Economics". Jurimetrics. 51 (4): 355–397. ISSN 0897-1277. PMC 4059069. PMID 24944437.

Josephs, Robert A.; Telch, Michael J.; Hixon, J. Gregory; Evans, Jacqueline J.; Lee, Hanjoo; Knopik, Valerie S.; McGeary, John E.; Hariri, Ahmad R.; Beevers, Christopher G. (1 June 2012). "Genetic and hormonal sensitivity to threat: Testing a serotonin transporter genotype × testosterone interaction". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 37 (6): 752–761. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.006. ISSN 0306-4530. PMC 3262096. PMID 21978869. Studies have also found that women in prison score significantly lower on psychopathy than men, with one study reporting only 11 percent of violent females in prison met the psychopathy criteria in comparison to 31 percent of violent males. [198] Other studies have also indicated that high psychopathic females are rare in forensic settings. [199] Management [ edit ] Clinical [ edit ] Fitzgerald, M. (2003). "Callous-unemotional traits and Asperger's syndrome?". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 42 (9): 1011. doi: 10.1097/01.CHI.0000070252.24125.CD. PMID 12964563. a b "Pathological". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2012-08-23 . Retrieved January 21, 2012.a b c Yildirim, Bariş O., and Jan JL Derksen. "Clarifying the heterogeneity in psychopathic samples: Towards a new continuum of primary and secondary psychopathy." Aggression and Violent Behavior 24 (2015): 9-41. Hyde, Luke W.; Waller, Rebecca; Trentacosta, Christopher J.; Shaw, Daniel S.; Neiderhiser, Jenae M.; Ganiban, Jody M.; Reiss, David; Leve, Leslie D. (2016-04-08). "Heritable and Nonheritable Pathways to Early Callous-Unemotional Behaviors". American Journal of Psychiatry. 173 (9): 903–910. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15111381. ISSN 0002-953X. PMC 5008992. PMID 27056607.

Wynn, Rolf; Høiseth, Marita H.; Pettersen, Gunn (2012-06-01). "Psychopathy in women: theoretical and clinical perspectives". International Journal of Women's Health. 4: 257–263. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S25518. ISSN 1179-1411. PMC 3379858. PMID 22723733. O'Nions, Elizabeth (2015). et al. "Examining the genetic and environmental associations between autistic social and communication deficits and psychopathic callous-unemotional traits". PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0134331. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1034331O. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134331. PMC 4556482. PMID 26325039. Dadds, Mark; etal. (2010). "Learning to 'talk the talk': the relationship of psychopathic traits to deficits in empathy across childhood". The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 50 (5): 599–606. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02058.x. PMID 19445007. socio- | Origin and meaning of prefix socio-". etymonline.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2012. The slang term psycho has been traced to a shortening of the adjective psychopathic from 1936, and from 1942 as a shortening of the noun psychopath, [21] but it is also used as shorthand for psychotic or crazed. [22]Psychopathy has been associated with commission of sexual crime, with some researchers arguing that it is correlated with a preference for violent sexual behavior. A 2011 study of conditional releases for Canadian male federal offenders found that psychopathy was related to more violent and non-violent offences but not more sexual offences. [ citation needed] For child molesters, psychopathy was associated with more offences. [97] A study on the relationship between psychopathy scores and types of aggression in a sample of sexual murderers, in which 84.2% of the sample had PCL-R scores above 20 and 47.4% above 30, found that 82.4% of those with scores above 30 had engaged in sadistic violence (defined as enjoyment indicated by self-report or evidence) compared to 52.6% of those with scores below 30, and total PCL-R and Factor 1 scores correlated significantly with sadistic violence. [98] [99] Despite this, it is reported that offenders with psychopathy (both sexual and non-sexual offenders) are about 2.5 times more likely to be granted conditional release compared to non-psychopathic offenders. [97] Boldness. Low fear including stress-tolerance, toleration of unfamiliarity and danger, and high self-confidence and social assertiveness. The PCL-R measures this relatively poorly and mainly through Facet 1 of Factor 1. Similar to PPI fearless dominance. May correspond to differences in the amygdala and other neurological systems associated with fear. [1] [4] Lee R, Coccaro ER (2007). "Neurobiology of impulsive aggression: Focus on serotonin and the orbitofrontal cortex". In Flannery DJ, Vazsonyi AT, Waldman ID (eds.). The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior and aggression. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp.170–86. ISBN 978-0-521-60785-8. Dolan, Eric W. (2023-01-28). "Study uncovers a surprising level of heterogeneity in psychopathy among condemned capital murderers". PsyPost . Retrieved 2023-01-30. Falkenbach, Diana M.; Reinhard, Ellen E.; Larson, Farren R. Roelofs (2017-01-15). "Theory based gender differences in psychopathy subtypes". Personality and Individual Differences. 105: 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.023. ISSN 0191-8869.